Read the following passage and then answer the questions: Marine biologists use the term *bleaching* in...

Read the following passage and then answer the questions:
Marine biologists use the term *bleaching* in ways that confuse general readers. In casual speech, bleaching suggests whitening through chemicals, but in reef ecology it describes a stress response in which corals expel the symbiotic algae, called *zooxanthellae*, living in their tissues. These algae supply corals with energy and color, so when water warms and the algae are released, the coral is left pale and starving. A reader who meets this passage alongside *symbiosis*, *polyp*, and *thermal stress* can recognize the discipline before grasping each term. Researchers often build the concept gradually: first presenting bleaching as whitening, then clarifying it is not death but a survivable yet dangerous condition, and finally distinguishing a brief event from prolonged, fatal exposure. Following this refinement matters, since the author's argument rests on the difference.
3.
The phrase "called zooxanthellae" introducing the algae's name best functions as which type of clue?
a.
An example clue
b.
An inference clue
c.
A definition clue
d.
A contrast clue
4.
Describing bleaching as "not death but a survivable yet dangerous condition" reflects which strategy?
a.
Refining a term by stating what it is not
b.
Recognizing meaning from Greek and Latin roots
c.
Verifying a guess with an outside reference
d.
Identifying a domain through clustering