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History Asked by a SnapAndSolve user · about 8 hours ago

Who was Justinian? How did Justinian make Constantinople into a strong and beautiful capital?

1. Who was Justinian?
How did Justinian make Constantinople into a strong and beautiful capital?
2. What is the Hagia Sophia?
3. What were the two biggest problems the empire faced during Justinian’s rule?
4. How did the plague affect Constantinople?
5. How did the Byzantines first try to fix up their shaky empire?
6. What is schism? What factors led to schism during this era?
7. What was the effect of the schism?
8. What are two differences between the Eastern and Roman churches?
9. What factors enable the city to survive foreign attacks for hundreds of
years before finally falling?
10. Who was Constantine, and what role did he play in the Roman Empire's history?
11. What was the significance of the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in 312 CE, and how did it influence Constantine's relationship with Christianity?
12. What was the Edict of Milan (313 CE), and how did it change the way Christians were treated throughout the Roman Empire?

Answer

  1. Justinian was the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) emperor from 527 to 565 CE. He strengthened and beautified Constantinople by rebuilding after the Nika riots, improving fortifications and infrastructure, and constructing magnificent buildings, especially Hagia Sophia.

  2. Hagia Sophia is a monumental domed church built in Constantinople under Justinian and completed in 537 CE. It later became a mosque, then a museum, and is now a mosque again.

  3. The empire faced devastating plague and costly warfare against foreign enemies, which reduced its population, weakened its army, and strained its finances. Justinian also faced serious internal unrest, notably the Nika riots.

  4. The plague killed a large portion of Constantinople’s population, disrupted trade and food production, reduced tax revenues, and weakened the empire’s military strength.

  5. The Byzantines initially tried to restore stability by reorganizing their government and military. They established military districts called themes, placing local defense and administration under military governors and supporting soldiers with land.

  6. A schism is a formal division within a religious community. The East–West Schism developed from disputes over papal authority, differences in language and worship, and theological disagreements, including the Western addition of the Filioque clause to the creed.

  7. The schism, conventionally dated to 1054, formalized the separation between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, weakening religious unity between eastern and western Christians.

  8. Two differences: The Roman Catholic Church recognized the pope’s supreme authority, while the Eastern Orthodox Church was led by patriarchs and bishops without accepting papal supremacy. Western worship generally used Latin, while Eastern worship generally used Greek or other local languages.

  9. Constantinople survived because of its strategic position, massive defensive walls, and surrounding waters. Its navy, the harbor chain across the Golden Horn, Greek fire, and diplomacy also helped repel attackers. It finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

  10. Constantine I was a Roman emperor who ruled from 306 to 337 CE and became sole emperor in 324. He supported Christianity, helped legalize Christian worship, and established Constantinople as his new capital in 330, shaping the future Eastern Roman Empire.

  11. At the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, Constantine defeated Maxentius and gained control of the western Roman Empire. Christian accounts describe a vision or dream associated with a Christian symbol before the battle. Constantine attributed his victory to the Christian God and increasingly supported Christianity afterward.

  12. The Edict of Milan was an agreement issued by Constantine and Licinius in 313 CE granting religious freedom, including to Christians. It ended official persecution in principle and ordered confiscated Christian property restored. It did not make Christianity the empire’s official religion.

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